Modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 18821914 on. The history of egypt under the british lasts from 1882, when it was occupied by british forces during the anglo egyptian war, until 1956, when the last british forces withdrew in accordance with the anglo egyptian agreement of 1954 after the suez crisis. During the first period the british were preoccupied with the prospect of imminent. For imperial britain, the occupation provided a naval base and strengthened control of an. The importance of egypt to britain rose dramatically after the opening of the suez canal in 1869. The sun never set on a british empire that had moved into egypt in 1882, controlled much of the western persian gulf, and ran irans petroleum industry for 45 years after discovering oil there in 1908. The motives for the british occupation of egypt have been examined by publicists and scholars from the time that wolseleys expeditionary force landed to the present. At the beginning of the 19th century, egypt was ruled by a strong dynasty led by muhammad ali, who modernized the country with the help of french. The events of 1882 mark a watershed in the modern history of egypt. This resulted in the end of the egyptian protectorate status in 1922 earning egypt independence from great britain. Mar 23, 2009 ii here, they argued that the british occupation of egypt in 1882 had inflated the importance of trivial disputes between european powers and set off a scramble for africa. The british occupation of egypt from 1882 the british occupation of egypt from 1882 chapter. British rule in egypt was as authoritarian as that of the khedives.
Tufan buzpinar the egyptian crisis of 188182 and the following occupation of egypt by britain have been studied quite extensively from the arab and british points of view, and considerable attention has focused on how the ottoman states. Most studies of the british in egypt during this time tend to focus on the british. The former fails to adequately consider the political character of the anglo. French forces were intended to take part in the operation but domestic political problems precluded their involvement. Egypt egypt from the french to the british occupation 17981882. The us occupation of iraq and the ongoing war throw up a number of parallels with british imperial history. A spring occurs in egypt against the british colonizers. The british occupied egypt in 1882, but they did not annex it.
The alexandria massacre of 11 june 1882 and the british occupation of egypt. Project muse competing, overlapping, and contradictory. Ottoman sovereignty and the british occupation of egypt, 1882 1923 aimee m. Although several projects for a french occupation of egypt had been advanced in the 17th and 18th centuries, the purpose of the expedition that sailed under napoleon i from toulon in may 1798 was specifically connected with the war against britain. The book description for modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 1882 1914 is currently unavailable. Tawfik remained the khedive, the consular courts dealt justice, the administration was foreign and the british occupied the citadel. For over fifty years prior to the british occupation in 1882, growing numbers of egyptian students were being trained in new forms of governmentsponsored education. The alexandria massacre of 11 june 1882 and the british. French occupation 17981801 napoleon bonaparte, rosetta stone found egypt under muhammad ali 18051882 independent egypt suez canal built khedivate of egypt 18671914 modern egypt language.
The khedival government provided the facade of autonomy, but behind it lay the real power in the country, specifically, the british agent and consul general, backed by british troops. However, it does not follow, as a matter of logic or necessity, that financial considerations played a determining part in subsequent events leading to the occupation of egypt in 1882. From 1883 to 1914, though the khedive of egypt and sudan remained the official ruler of the country, ultimate power was exercised by the british consulgeneral. The history of egypt under the british lasts from 1882, when it was occupied by british forces during the angloegyptian war, until 1956, when the last british forces withdrew in accordance with the angloegyptian agreement of 1954 after the suez crisis. The liberal wing of the nationalist movement, which developed under the influence of christian syrian immigrants, did not include coptic names. The repercussions of the british occupation of egypt on syria. However, egyptian government and rule was still heavily influenced by. A permanent british occupation of egypt required the. The french withdrew their naval squadron from alexandria, and in july 1882, the british fleet began bombarding alexandria. Egypt from the french to the british occupation 17981882. Modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 1882 1914 princeton studies on the near east. One month later the british warships attacked the egyptian fortifications at alexandria.
Dec 23, 20 between 18771907, the british proconsulgeneral for the british occupation of egypt, was everlyn baring aka lord cromer. Pdf the repercussions of the british occupation of egypt on. The french occupation of egypt arabic 311 revolution in. With the occupation of 1882, egypt became a part of the british empire but never officially a colony. The british occupation of egypt 1882 using my history degree. Large and influential sections of british liberal opinion at the time also deprecated the value of india, and therefore of egypt, as worth the risk of either a european war or a break with partner, france. Irans last shah wrote that the english always talk about. This possibility, like others, must stand or fall by empirical tests. French financial control overturned by the urabist revolt in february 1882. Gladstone, the prime minister who ordered the occupation of egypt in 1882, wrote in an essay, the phrase the egyptian question did. Egyptian arabic, modern standard arabic british occupation 18821953 egyptologists start formal excavations in egypt. When the british occupied egypt in 1882, the copts were not playing any active role in egyptian political life. Although several projects for a french occupation of egypt had been advanced in the.
Following the burning of alexandria and its occupation by british marines, the. By 1914 cotton constituted 90 percent of egypts exports. A few days after the british had entered cairo, duclerc, the prime minister of france, asked granville, the british foreign secretary, about his governments intentions with. The untold stories of british nonelites in occupied egypt, 18821922 egypt during the british occupation 18821922 was a strategically important site for securing british interests in the region. The british occupation started in 1882 as a result of the immense debt that egypt had accrued to european powers, bankers and investors, and its influence continued up to the 1952 revolution. I explore the relationship between international law, imperial expansion and state formation in the late ottoman empire against the joint reconfiguration of ideas of. Egypt travel, tours, vacations, ancient egypt from tour egypt. Prestige, prudence and public opinion in the 1882 british occupation of egypt. Britains war with egypt in 1882 was shortlived but had an important impact on the countrys history. The major leading goal of this research is the examination of the education system in egypt during the british occupation, when the earl of cromer served as the british consulgeneral from september 11, 1883 to the end of his term on may 6, 1907. A reconsideration of the occupation of egypt, 1882, the journal of african history 27 1986 372. The british occupation of egypt had some positive effects on egypt as a country and in regards to its people.
British forces invaded and occupied egypt in 1882 to put down a nationalist revolution hostile to foreign interests and remained there to prevent any further threat to the khedives government or the possible intervention of another european power. This content was written by a student and assessed as part of. Outstanding in this regard is the gladstone governments 1882 invasion of egypt, ostensib. British occupation of egypt from 1882 oxford scholarship. The british bombardment of alexandria and the defeat of the nationalists at telelkebir means that british power is now paramount in egypt. The us occupation of iraq and the ongoing war throw up a number of parallels with british imperial. British occupation of egypt claremont coptic encyclopedia. The british military took control of existing political structures and economies while egypt s ottoman rulers, the khedives, provided a facade of native autonomy. The book description for modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 18821914 is currently unavailable.
The repercussions of the british occupation of egypt on. Chamberlain, the alexandria massacre of 11 june 1882 and the british occupation of egypt, middle eastern studies 1977 14. This was the period of britains greatest expansion as both empirebuilder. This article challenges both the gentlemanly capitalist thesis and official mind interpretation of the 1882 british occupation of egypt. The egyptian question was a complicated one, partly due to the involvement of british democratic needs.
The british occupation of egypt arabic 311 revolution in. Domestically, the creation of the new army, as bowring remarked, was. British presence there, however, inevitably led to modernization during the 32 years of british rule. Based primarily on official documents and memoirs of the people involved, the work presents the best account of european and british politics surrounding the 1882 british occupation of egypt. Orabis army was defeated in 1882, orabi was exiled, and egypt became a british protectorate. Colonialism and revolution in the middle east social and cultural origins of egypts urabi movement. Napoleon had discounted the feasibility of an invasion of england but. He first serves in egypt from 1877 to 1880 as the british member of the commission responsible for coping with the egyptian debt. The british occupation of egypt arabic 311 revolution in egypt.
Dec 08, 2015 modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 1882 1914 princeton studies on the near east tignor, robert l. There is no prospect that the debate will soon be ended, for not. The oxford history of the british empire is an assessment of the empire in the light of recent scholarship and the progressive opening of historical records. Egypt renewed european intervention, 187982 britannica. Pdf the british occupation of egypt in 1882 meant a breakaway from the anglo french ententes control over ottoman financial system and. British policy in egypt, 188285 37 ple, if not their material interests. Egypt, the political connection between the two countries was largely severed by the seizure of power by muhammad ali in 1805, and reenforced by the british occupation of egypt in 1882. Ottoman sovereignty and the british occupation of egypt, 18821923 aimee m. In occupied egypt, british governmental programs were closely related to englands needs as an imperial power since egypt was occupied because of its strategic position along the route to india. Genell this dissertation is an analysis of the ottomaneuropean legal contest over egypt. Liberal imperialism and the occupation of egypt in 1882.
Pdf the repercussions of the british occupation of egypt. By defeating the egyptian army and occupying the country, britain brought a forceful conclusion to almost a century of great power rivalry and of increasing egyptian independence. The repercussions of the british occupation of egypt on syria, 188283. Egypt egypt from the french to the british occupation 1798 1882. To the british, who controlled egypts financial and economic life, ensuring egypts prosperity and its ability to service its debt meant expanding egypts reliance on cotton production. Britain was therefore the principal creditor when egypt subsided into bankruptcy in 1876. However, in 1798, under the command of napoleon bonaparte, france invaded egypt, opening the nation to europeans, which would define the coming century for. The british occupation and the protectorate 18821922 the british occupation marked the culmination of developments that had been at work since 1798.
But the country had already been colonized by the european powers whose influence had grown considerably since the midnineteenth century. The british invasion of egypt, 1882 einternational relations. The british occupation had no physical changes on cairo since the british had been ruling egypt indirectly for years. The first period of british rule 1882 1914 is often called the veiled protectorate. Under british imperialism, which began in egypt in 1882, the nation experienced extreme hardship and a suffocation of liberties. Modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 18821914. The repercussions of the british occupation of egypt on syria, 1882 83. The most influential study of british nineteenth century imperialism is africa and the victorians, by ronald robinson, john gallagher, and alice denny. Dec 11, 2014 the british occupation of egypt had some positive effects on egypt as a country and in regards to its people. Modernization and british colonial rule in egypt, 1882. During british occupation and later control, egypt developed into a regional commercial and. A reconsideration of the occupation of egypt, 1882.
Pdf prestige, prudence and public opinion in the 1882. Volume iii covers the long nineteenth century, from the achievement of american independence in the 1780s to the eve of world war in 1914. The british ruled egypt from 1882 when the british entered egypt and the angloegyptian war began, and stayed in egypt until about 1954 after the suez crisis. The former fails to adequately consider the political character of the anglofrench financial control overturned by the urabist revolt in february 1882. Prudence, prestige and public opinion in the 1882 british. After militarily occupying egypt on the false pretext to help settle its financial problems, britain implemented a complete reformation of egyptian institutions, and began a policy of reeducation of egyptians and reconstruction of egypt into a form that.
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